ICJIM
Intercontinental Journal of Internal Medicine

The Intercontinental Journal of Internal Medicine aims to publish issues related to all fields of internal medicine of the highest scientific and clinical value at an international level and accepts articles on these topics. This journal is indexed by indices that are considered international scientific journal indices (DRJI, ESJI, OAJI, etc.). According to the current Associate Professorship criteria, it is within the scope of International Article 1-d. Each article published in this journal corresponds to 5 points.

eISSN: 2980-0846
Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License.
EndNote Style

Online Manuscript System

Index
Original Article
C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, prothrombin time and international normalized ratio levels as indicators of chronic inflammation in patients with metabolic syndrome
Abstract
Aims: Although it has been stated in studies conducted in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) that elevated serum fibrinogen and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) may be due to chronic inflammation, sufficient studies have not been conducted on International normalized ratio (INR) and prothrombin time (PT). The aim of this study is to examine the fibrinogen, INR and PT levels of patients with MetS and to investigate the relationship between these parameters and MetS components.
Methods: A total of 56 patients, 19 males and 37 females were included in our study who applied to the Internal Medicine outpatient clinic of Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine and met the MetS diagnostic criteria. The control group consists of a total of 64 people, 35 men and 29 women, who have at least one of the MetS criteria and do not have a chronic disease. Fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol (Total-C), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), creatinine, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), PT, INR and fibrinogen levels were examined from the available samples. Data were compared between healthy and patient groups.
Results: As a result of our study, it was determined that the CRP level was significantly higher in the patient group (p<0.01). The average fibrinogen level was calculated as 3.56 g/l in the patient group and 2.95 g/l in the control group, and a significant difference was detected when the two groups were compared (p<0.001). The average PT value was 13.1 in the patient group and 12.04 in the control group and a significant difference was detected between both groups (p<0.001). The average INR level was 1.14 in the patient group and 1.04 in the control group and a significant difference was detected between both groups (p<0.001).
Conclusion: MetS is associated with high CRP. In patients with MetS, PT, INR and fibrinogen levels are also high. In the follow-up and treatment of patients with MetS, the presence of chronic inflammation and factors affecting the coagulation system should be taken into consideration.

Keywords : Prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, fibrinojen, metabolic syndrome

Download Article


1. Saklayen MG. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(2):1-8.
2. Fahed G, Aoun L, Bou Zerdan M, et al. Metabolic syndrome: updates on pathophysiology and management in 2021. Int J Molecul Sci. 2022;23(2): 786.
3. Kopp HP, Kopp CW, Festa A, et al. Impact of weight loss on inflammatory proteins and their association with the insulin resistance syndrome in morbidly obese patients. Arter Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003; 23(6):1042-1047.
4. Rochlani Y, Pothineni NV, Kovelamudi S, Mehta JL. Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, management, and modulation by natural compounds. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;11(8):215-225.
5. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(12):836-843.
6. Mutch NJ, Wilson HM, Booth NA. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and haemostasis in obesity. Proc Nutr Soc. 2001;60(3):341-347.
7. Haffner SM, D&rsquo;Agostino Jr R, Mykkanen L, et al. Insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Relationship to cardiovascular risk factors: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(4):562-568.
8. Aboonabi A, Meyer RR, Singh I. The association between metabolic syndrome components and the development of atherosclerosis. J Hum Hypertens. 2019;33(12):844-855.
9. Nieuwdorp M, Stroes ES, Meijers JC, B&uuml;ller H. Hypercoagulability in the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005;5(2):155-159. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2004.10.003
10. Abacı A, Kılı&ccedil;kap M, G&ouml;ks&uuml;l&uuml;k H, et al. T&uuml;rkiye&rsquo;de metabolik sendrom sıklığı verileri: kardiyovask&uuml;ler risk fakt&ouml;rlerine y&ouml;nelik epidemiyolojik &ccedil;alışmaların sistematik derleme, meta-analiz ve meta-regresyonu. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2018;46(7):591-601.
11. Gundogan K, Bayram F, Gedik V, et al. Metabolic syndrome prevalence according to ATP III and IDF criteria and related factors in Turkish adults. Arch Med Sci. 2013;9(2):243-253.
12. McCracken E, Monaghan M, Sreenivasan S. Pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome. Clin Dermatol. 2018;36(1):14-20.
13. Onat A, Sansoy V. Halkımızda koroner hastalığın baş su&ccedil;lusu metabolik sendrom: sıklığı, unsurları, koroner risk ile ilişkisi ve y&uuml;ksek risk kriterleri. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2002;30(1):8-15.
14. Kozan O, Oguz A, Abaci A, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Turkish adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61(4):548-553.
15. Teo K, Chow CK, Vaz M, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S. PURE investigators-writing group. The prospective urban rural epidemiology (PURE) study: examining the impact of societal influences on chronic noncommunicable diseases in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Am Heart J. 2009;158(1):1-7.
16. Tabatabaie AH, Shafiekhani M, Nasihatkon AA, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adult population in Shiraz, southern Iran. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2015;9(3):153-156.
17. Sharifi F, Mousavinasab SN, Saeini M, Dinmohammadi M. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an adult urban population of the west of Iran. Exp Diabetes Res. 2009;2009:136501.
18. Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW Jr. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 2003;112(12):1796-1808.
19. Black PH. The inflammatory response is an integral part of the stressresponse; implications for atherosclerosis, ins&uuml;lin resistance, type II diabetes and metabolic syndrom. Brain Behav Immun. 2003;17(5): 350-364.
20. Malik S, Wong ND, Franklin S, Pio J, Fairchild C, Chen R. Cardiovascular disease in U.S. patients with metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and elevated C-reactive protein. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(3): 690-693. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.3.690
21. Alessi MC, Juhan-Vague I. Metabolic syndrome, haemostasis and thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 2008;99(6):995-1000. doi: 10.1160/TH07-11-0682
22. Imperatore G, Riccardi G, Iovine C, Rivellese AA, Vaccaro O. Plasma fibrinogen: a new factor of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(4):649-654.
23. Khunger JM, Kumar N, Punia VPS, Malhotra MK. Study of prothrombotic changes in metabolic syndrome. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2020;36(4):695-699. doi: 10.1007/s12288-020-01291-y
24. Habib S, Murakam, T, Takyar V, et al. The impact of metabolic syndrome on the prognosis of high-risk alcoholic hepatitis patients: redefining alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterol Res. 2023;16(1):25-36.
Article available in :
Volume 2, Issue 3, 2024
Page : 46-50
https://doi.org/10.51271/ICJIM-0035
Article Information
Received : 02 Haz 2024
Accepted : 05 Ağu 2024
Published : 28 Ağu 2024
Corresponding Author :

Recep Türkel: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkiye

[email protected]
Citation : Türkel R, Altıntop L. C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, prothrombin time and international normalized ratio levels as indicators of chronic inflammation in patients with metabolic syndrome. Intercont J Int Med. 2024;2(3):46-50.

Read: 155
Cited: 0
Download : 122
_Footer