ICJIM
Intercontinental Journal of Internal Medicine

The Intercontinental Journal of Internal Medicine aims to publish issues related to all fields of internal medicine of the highest scientific and clinical value at an international level and accepts articles on these topics.

eISSN: 2980-0846
Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License.
EndNote Style

Online Manuscript System

Index
Original Article
Clinicopathological characteristics of gastric polyps in an Helicobacter pylori-endemic region: a real-world cohort study
Abstract
Aims: Gastric polyps represent a heterogeneous group of mucosal lesions influenced by inflammatory, environmental, and pharmacologic factors. The distribution of polyp subtypes varies geographically, particularly in regions with high Helicobacter pylori (Hp) prevalence, where inflammation-driven lesions predominate. This study aimed to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of gastric polyps and their association with Hp infection and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use in a real-world cohort.
Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 8,659 patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy between January 2023 and January 2024 were screened, and 109 patients with histopathologically confirmed gastric polyps were included. Demographic features, endoscopic findings, histopathological subtypes, Hp status, background mucosal pathology, and PPI use were analyzed.
Results: The overall prevalence of gastric polyps was 1.25%. The mean age was 61.4±12.2 years, with a female predominance (73.4%). Hyperplastic polyps were the most common subtype (71.6%), followed by adenomatous (14.7%) and fundic gland polyps (6.4%). Hp positivity was significantly associated with hyperplastic polyps (p=0.011), while adenomatous polyps were significantly associated with chronic active gastritis (p=0.016). All fundic gland polyps occurred in patients with long-term PPI use and were strongly associated with Hp negativity (p<0.001). No fundic gland polyps were observed in patients with concurrent Hp infection or chronic atrophic gastritis.
Conclusion: Gastric polyp development reflects the underlying gastric microenvironment shaped by inflammatory and pharmacologic factors. In Hp-endemic regions, hyperplastic polyps predominate and are strongly associated with Hp, whereas fundic gland polyps constitute a distinct entity linked to long-term PPI use and a lower prevalence of Hp infection.

Keywords : Helicobacter pylori, polyps, stomach, proton pump inhibitors

Download Article
Ethical Statement

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ankara Training and Researches Hospital (Date: 26.03.2025, Decision No: E-25-456).

Informed Consent

This retrospective study used pre-existing anonymized patient data. No additional intervention was performed, and there was no direct patient contact. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee, and the requirement for written informed consent was waived by the ethics committee.

Author Contributions

Concept: BC; Design: BC; Control: BC; Data Collection and/ or Processing: BC, YHP; Analysis and/or Interpretation: BC, YHP; Literature Review: BC; Article Writing: BC; Critical Review: BC.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this study.

Financial Disclosure

The authors received no financial support for the conduct or publication of this research.


1. Morais DJ, Yamanaka A, Zeitune JMR, Andreollo NA. Gastric polyps: a retrospective analysis of 26,000 digestive endoscopies. Arq Gastroenterol. 2007;44(1):14-17. doi:10.1590/s0004-28032007000100004
2. Carmack SW, Genta RM, Schuler CM, Saboorian MH. The current spectrum of gastric polyps: a 1-year national study of over 120,000 patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(6):1524-1532. doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.139
3. Çiyiltepe H, Çetin DA, Gündeş E, et al. Endoscopic and histopathological features of the upper gastrointestinal system polyps: evaluation of 12.563 procedures. Turk J Surg. 2019;35(2):98-104. doi:10.5578/turkjsurg.4155
4. Sonnenberg A, Genta RM. Prevalence of benign gastric polyps in a large pathology database. Dig Liver Dis. 2015;47(2):164-169. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2014.10.004
5. Costa D, Ramai D, Tringali A. Novel classification of gastric polyps: the good, the bad and the ugly. World J Gastroenterol. 2024;30(31):3640-3653. doi:10.3748/wjg.v30.i31.3640
6. Archimandritis A, Spiliadis C, Tzivras M, et al. Gastric epithelial polyps: a retrospective endoscopic study of 12974 symptomatic patients. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1996;28(7):387-390
7. Jalving M, Koornstra JJ, Wesseling J, Boezen HM, de Jong S, Kleibeuker JH. Increased risk of fundic gland polyps during long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24(9):1341-1348. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03127.x
8. Reyes-Placencia D, Cantú-Germano E, Latorre G, Espino A, Fernández-Esparrach G, Moreira L. Gastric epithelial polyps: current diagnosis, management, and endoscopic frontiers. Cancers. 2024;16(22):3771. doi:10.3390/cancers16223771
9. Markowski AR, Markowska A, Guzinska-Ustymowicz K. Pathophysiological and clinical aspects of gastric hyperplastic polyps. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(40):8883-8891. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i40.8883
10. Nam SY, Lee SW, Jeon SW, Kwon YH, Lee HS. Helicobacter pylori eradication regressed gastric hyperplastic polyp: a randomized controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65(12):3652-3659. doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06065-0
11. Buchner AM, Huang RJ, Lauwers GY, El-Serag HB. AGA clinical practice update on management of gastric polyps: expert review. clin gastroenterol hepatol off clin pract. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2026;24(4):893-905. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2026.01.007
12. Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley JH, Correa P. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney System. International workshop on the histopathology of gastritis, Houston 1994. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996;20(10):1161-1181. doi:10.1097/00000478-199610000-00001
13. Cheesman AR, Greenwald DA, Shah SC. Current management of benign epithelial gastric polyps. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2017;15(4):676-690. doi:10.1007/s11938-017-0159-6
14. Yacoub H, Bibani N, Sabbah M, et al. Gastric polyps: a 10-year analysis of 18,496 upper endoscopies. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022;22(1):70. doi:10.1186/s12876-022-02154-8
15. Yang H, Yang W-J, Hu B. Gastric epithelial histology and precancerous conditions. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2022;14(2):396-412. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v14.i2.396
16. White JR, Winter JA, Robinson K. Differential inflammatory response to Helicobacter pylori infection: etiology and clinical outcomes. J Inflamm Res. 2015;8:137-147. doi:10.2147/JIR.S64888
17. Han L, Shu X, Wang J. Helicobacter pylori-mediated oxidative stress and gastric diseases: a review. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:811258. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.811258
18. Ouyang Y, Zhang W, Huang Y, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on hyperplastic gastric polyps: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter. 2021;26(5):e12838. doi:10.1111/hel.12838
19. Kovári B, Kim BH, Lauwers GY. The pathology of gastric and duodenal polyps: current concepts. Histopathology. 2021;78(1):106-124. doi:10.1111/his.14275
20. Zhang S, Shen Y, Liu H, et al. Inflammatory microenvironment in gastric premalignant lesions: implication and application. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1297101. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1297101
21. Kim GH. Proton pump inhibitor-related gastric mucosal changes. Gut Liver. 2021;15(5):646-652. doi:10.5009/gnl20036
22. Notsu T, Adachi K, Mishiro T, Ishimura N, Ishihara S. Fundic gland polyp prevalence according to Helicobacter pylori infection status. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;35(7):1158-1162. doi:10.1111/jgh.14934
23. Gao W, Huang Y, Lu S, Li C. The clinicopathological characteristics of gastric polyps and the relationship between fundic gland polyps, Helicobacter pylori infection, and proton pump inhibitors. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(2):2108-2114. doi:10.21037/apm-21-39
24. Kale K, Renavikar PS, Amarapurkar AD. Immunological insights into gastric polyps: pathogenesis, inflammation and neoplastic potential. Clin Transl Immunol. 2026;15:e70092. doi:10.1002/cti2.70092
25. Sawaid IO, Samson AO. Proton pump inhibitors and cancer risk: a comprehensive review of epidemiological and mechanistic evidence. J Clin Med. 2024;13(7):1970. doi:10.3390/jcm13071970
26. Tran-Duy A, Spaetgens B, Hoes AW, de Wit NJ, Stehouwer CDA. Use of proton pump inhibitors and risks of fundic gland polyps and gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(12):1706-1719.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.05.018
Article available in :
Volume 4, Issue 4, 2026
Page : 91-95
https://doi.org/10.51271/ICJIM-0084
Article Information
Received : 23 Eyl 2026
Accepted : 23 Eki 2026
Published : 28 Eki 2026
Corresponding Author :

Başak Çakal: Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkiye

[email protected]
Citation : Çakal B, Polat YH. Clinicopathological characteristics of gastric polyps in an Helicobacter pylori-endemic region: a real-world cohort study. Intercont J Int Med. 2026;4(4):91-95. doi:10.51271/ICJIM-0084

Read: 13
Download : 4
Cited: 0
_Footer